小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林土壤酶活性的异质性

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同死亡程度云冷杉林表层土壤（0~20cm）酶活性空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明：①土壤脲酶变异函数曲线的理论模型符合线性模型,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的理论模型符合指数模型或球状模型。②土壤酶活性各项指标的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性指标的空间自相关程度均属较强以上（空间结构比均在75%以上）,土壤转化酶为中等（空间结构比均在25%以上）,土壤脲酶在较弱到中等之间变化。③云冷杉林表层土壤过氧化氢酶的自相关范围最大（0.58~3.08 m）,转化酶和碱性磷酸酶分别为1.41~3.98 m和0.91~4.29 m,而土壤脲酶自相关范围最小（15.426~16.673 m）。④土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的空间格局明显,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶的分数维分别为1.930~1.990,1.910~1.986,1.923~1.997和1.936~1.970。     

Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States

Weber MJ, Brown ML, Willis DW. Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 555–565. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread invasive species that is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite the circumpolar distribution of the species, limited information is available describing factors related to spatial variation in population characteristics. Eighty‐four lakes and impoundments in the upper Midwest United States were sampled to investigate the relationships of common carp relative abundance with size structure, condition and growth rates. We also investigated abiotic factors (lake morphology, physical solids and water quality) that may broadly influence common carp populations. Common carp size structure and condition were inversely related to relative abundance. Common carp relative abundance increased and size structure shifted to smaller individuals with increased lake depth, whereas lake surface area, watershed:surface area ratio and physical solids were also important in explaining common carp abundance and size structure. Common carp condition was best explained by water quality parameters and increased with metrics of lake productivity. We conclude that knowledge of factors associated with variation in common carp populations among lakes provides insights into the autecology and broad provisions for management of this generalist invasive species.     

Evergreen broad-leaved forest improves soil water status compared with tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened.     

稻螟蛉幼虫空间分布型的研究

在第3，4代稻螟蛉幼虫盛发期，测定了田间幼虫空间分布格局。其水平分布属于聚集分布中的奈曼分布，垂直分布幼虫多集中在稻株中上部叶片。     

Iwao M~*-M模型随机分析偏离度检验方法的研究

Iwao M~~*-M模型中其参数α、β揭示了种群分布的特性,当α■0,β■1,种群分布呈随机型。在实际应用中α,β值不会恰好为0和1,存在一定偏离。本文提出一种偏离度检验方法(F检验),解决了种群空间分布型判断为随机型时,允许存在多大偏离,即偏离度的检验问题。式中:n为供建立Iwao M~*-M模型的样地数,α、β为Iwao M~*-M模型中常数项和回归系数,M~*为平均拥挤度,M为平均密度。应用该检验方法对两个实例进行判断,收到满意效果。     

荔枝龟背天牛幼虫空间分布型研究

对荔龟背天牛幼虫于荔枝园中的空间分状况调查和分析，表明该虫的空间分布为负二项分布；空间图式是聚集型；分布的基本成分为疏松的个体群。聚集行为受环境因素（主要是荔枝品种）的影响，此外，利用分布型参数确定了龟背天牛的理论抽样数并建立了序贯抽样检定表。     

西北地区东部夏季降水日数的变化趋势及其气候特征

以西北地区东部(95°E～112°E,32°N～41°N)104个测站1960～2000历年夏季(6～8月)降水日数资料为基础,通过EOF和REOF等分析方法,研究夏季降水日数时空分布的异常特征。结果表明西北地区东部夏季多年平均降水日数的地区分布特点是西部多、东部少,沿祁连山山脉存在一个降水日数较多中心区域,并且降水量和降水日数均呈增多趋势。降水日数的空间异常主要表现为一致性异常和南北相反异常两种类型。根据REOF方法可将西北区东部分为5个不同降水日数气候区,即甘肃中东部及河套区、渭水流域区、河西走廊区、青海高原北部区、青海南部区和四川北部区。20世纪80年代以来,西北地区东部大部分地区降水日数呈现减少的趋势。冬季(或夏季)青藏高原地面加热场强度偏强,甘肃河西及祁连山地区、宁夏南部等地夏季降水偏多(或少),青海东南部-甘肃南部-渭水流域夏季降水日数偏少(或偏多)。     

Potential of weed seedbanks for managing weeds: a review of recent New Zealand research

Weed seedbanks are the primary source of weeds in cultivated soils. Some knowledge of the weed seedbank may therefore be appropriate for integrated weed management programs. It would also be very useful in planning herbicide programs and reducing the total herbicide use. However, a number of problems are inherent in the estimation of the seedbank size for arable weeds that usually have annual life cycles. In a long-term research project we have investigated the dynamics of weed seedbanks in corn fields for the past 8 years. Specific studies have included (i) developing cheap and efficient methods for estimating the weed seedbank; (ii) developing guidelines for efficient soil sampling (including the number and size of samples); (iii) influence of cultivation methods on weed seed distribution; (iv) mapping the spatial variability of the seedbank; (v) estimating the rate of seedbank decline for certain weed species; and (vi) assessing the potential of using the weed seed content in the soil to predict future weed problems. This paper reviews and summarizes the results of our research on the above aspects. The strong correlation between seedlings emerged in the greenhouse and seeds extracted in the laboratory for the most abundant weed species has demonstrated the potential for using the weed seed content of the soil to predict future weed infestations. The next step is to establish correlations with field emergence under commercial conditions using the sampling guidelines developed in our studies. Subsequently, we aim to offer the weed seedbank estimation as a commercial service to farmers for planning the most appropriate weed management options.     

土壤空间变异研究现状及展望

阐述了应用地统计学方法，定量研究土壤空间变异的基本理论和基本方法以及国内外土壤空间变异的研究现状，探讨了该领域研究中存在的问题，展望了土壤空间变异研究前景。     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的动态研究

稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布在水稻的不同发育期存在差异。其空间分布主要由稻田蜘蛛本身的扩散程度及生殖 ,游猎型和定居型数量的多寡 ,主要目标害虫的数量及其分布 ,栖息环境的变化及其耕作方式和稻田蜘蛛的种群密度及其种间竞争程度决定。